Are you ready to indulge in a world of fluffy, buttery, and utterly delicious custard buns? Look no further! We’ve gathered 18 mouthwatering recipes that will take your baking game to the next level. From classic vanilla and chocolate swirls to matcha green tea and pumpkin spice, we’ve got a flavor for every palate.
Whether you’re a seasoned baker or just starting out, these easy-to-follow recipes are sure to impress. With flavors ranging from sweet treats like strawberry jam and banana caramel to savory delights like salted caramel and chai spice, there’s something for everyone. So grab your mixing bowl and let’s get baking! In this article, we’ll take a journey through the world of custard buns, exploring the ins and outs of each recipe and sharing our favorite tips and tricks along the way.
Classic Vanilla Custard Buns
Classic Vanilla Custard Buns: A Sweet Treat
These soft, fluffy buns filled with a creamy vanilla custard are a perfect treat for any occasion. With just a few simple ingredients and steps, you can create these scrumptious buns at home.
Ingredients:
– 1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour
– 1/4 cup granulated sugar
– 1/2 teaspoon active dry yeast
– 1/2 cup whole milk, lukewarm
– 1 large egg
– 2 tablespoons unsalted butter, melted
– 1/2 cup vanilla custard (homemade or store-bought)
– Confectioners’ sugar for dusting
Instructions:
1. Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C). Line a baking sheet with parchment paper.
2. In a large mixing bowl, combine flour, sugar, and yeast.
3. Add lukewarm milk, egg, and melted butter to the dry ingredients. Mix until a smooth dough forms.
4. Roll out the dough into a thin sheet. Cut into 6-8 rectangles.
5. Spoon a small amount of vanilla custard onto one half of each rectangle. Fold the other half over to form a triangle or square shape.
6. Place the buns on the prepared baking sheet, leaving some space between each bun.
7. Bake for 18-20 minutes, or until golden brown.
8. Dust with confectioners’ sugar before serving.
Cooking Time: 18-20 minutes
Matcha Green Tea Custard Buns
Experience the perfect blend of Japanese flavors with these tender and fluffy buns infused with the subtle bitterness of matcha green tea.
Ingredients:
– 1 cup warm milk
– 2 teaspoons active dry yeast
– 3 cups all-purpose flour
– 1/4 cup granulated sugar
– 1/2 teaspoon salt
– 1/2 cup unsalted butter, melted
– 1/2 cup matcha green tea powder (or 1-2 teaspoons matcha powder)
– 1 egg, beaten
– Custard filling ingredients: 1/2 cup heavy cream, 1/4 cup granulated sugar, 1/2 teaspoon vanilla extract
Instructions:
1. In a large mixing bowl, combine warm milk and yeast. Let it sit for 5 minutes.
2. Add flour, sugar, and salt. Mix until a shaggy dough forms.
3. Knead the dough for 10 minutes until smooth.
4. Place the dough in a greased bowl, cover, and let rise in a warm place for 1 hour.
5. Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C). Line a baking sheet with parchment paper.
6. Roll out the dough into a rectangle. Mix matcha powder and melted butter; spread evenly on the dough.
7. Fold the dough into thirds, like an accordion. Cut into 12 equal pieces.
8. Place the buns on the prepared baking sheet, leaving space between each bun.
9. Bake for 18-20 minutes or until golden brown.
Custard Filling:
1. Mix heavy cream, granulated sugar, and vanilla extract in a bowl.
2. Pour the mixture into a piping bag fitted with a large round tip.
3. Pipe the custard filling into the cooled buns.
4. Serve warm or at room temperature.
Chocolate Swirl Custard Buns
Elevate your breakfast or brunch game with these indulgent treats. Flaky pastry, gooey custard, and a drizzle of chocolate come together in perfect harmony.
Ingredients:
– 1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour
– 1/4 cup confectioners’ sugar
– 1/2 teaspoon salt
– 1/4 cup cold unsalted butter, cut into small pieces
– 1/2 cup whole milk
– 2 large eggs
– 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
– 1/2 cup granulated sugar
– 1/4 cup unsweetened cocoa powder
– Confectioners’ sugar, for dusting
Instructions:
1. Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C). Line a baking sheet with parchment paper.
2. In a medium bowl, whisk together flour, confectioners’ sugar, and salt. Add cold butter; use a pastry blender or fingers until mixture resembles coarse crumbs.
3. Roll out dough to a 1/4-inch thickness. Cut into 3-inch squares.
4. Fold each square in half diagonally, then roll into a ball. Place on prepared baking sheet, leaving 1 inch between buns.
5. Bake for 18-20 minutes or until golden brown. Allow to cool completely.
6. Whisk together milk, eggs, vanilla extract, and granulated sugar. Pour custard over cooled buns. Drizzle with melted chocolate (optional).
Cooking Time: 18-20 minutes
Pandan Coconut Custard Buns
These soft and fluffy buns are infused with the unique aroma and flavor of pandan, paired with a creamy coconut custard filling. Perfect for breakfast or as a sweet treat any time of day.
Ingredients:
– 1 cup warm milk
– 2 teaspoons active dry yeast
– 3 cups all-purpose flour
– 1/4 cup granulated sugar
– 1/4 cup unsalted butter, melted
– 1/2 cup coconut cream
– 1/2 cup custard filling (see below)
– 1/4 teaspoon salt
– 1/2 teaspoon pandan extract
– Confectioners’ sugar, for dusting
Custard Filling:
– 1 cup heavy cream
– 1/2 cup granulated sugar
– 3 large egg yolks
– 1/2 teaspoon vanilla extract
– 1/4 teaspoon salt
– 1/4 cup unsalted butter, melted
Instructions:
1. In a large mixing bowl, combine warm milk and yeast. Let it sit for 5 minutes.
2. Add flour, sugar, and melted butter to the mixture. Mix until a dough forms.
3. Knead the dough for 10 minutes until smooth.
4. Divide the dough into 8 equal pieces. Roll each piece into a ball.
5. Flatten each ball into a disk shape.
6. Place 1-2 teaspoons of custard filling in the center of each disk.
7. Fold the dough over the filling, forming a bun shape.
8. Bake at 375°F (190°C) for 18-20 minutes or until golden brown.
9. Dust with confectioners’ sugar before serving.
Cooking Time: 18-20 minutes
Salted Caramel Custard Buns
These soft and fluffy buns are filled with a rich salted caramel custard, making them the perfect indulgent breakfast or snack. The combination of sweet and salty flavors is sure to satisfy your cravings.
Ingredients:
– 1 1/2 cups warm milk (105°F to 115°F)
– 1/4 cup granulated sugar
– 2 teaspoons active dry yeast
– 3 1/2 cups all-purpose flour
– 1 teaspoon salt
– 1/4 cup unsalted butter, melted
– 1/2 cup heavy cream
– 1/2 cup granulated sugar
– 1/4 teaspoon sea salt
– 1/2 teaspoon vanilla extract
Instructions:
1. Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C). Line a baking sheet with parchment paper.
2. In a large mixing bowl, combine warm milk and sugar. Sprinkle yeast over the top and let it sit for 5 minutes, or until foamy.
3. Add flour, salt, and melted butter to the mixture. Mix until a shaggy dough forms.
4. Roll out the dough on a floured surface to a thickness of about 1/4 inch (6 mm). Cut into desired shapes.
5. Place buns on prepared baking sheet, leaving about 1 inch (2.5 cm) between each bun.
6. Bake for 15-20 minutes or until golden brown.
7. While the buns are still warm, drizzle with salted caramel custard (recipe not included here).
Red Bean Custard Buns
These soft and fluffy buns are infused with the sweetness of red bean paste and topped with a creamy custard, making them a delightful treat for any occasion.
Ingredients:
– 2 cups all-purpose flour
– 1/4 cup granulated sugar
– 1/2 teaspoon instant yeast
– 1/4 teaspoon salt
– 1/2 cup warm water
– 1/4 cup red bean paste
– 2 tablespoons unsalted butter, melted
– Custard topping (see below)
Instructions:
1. In a large mixing bowl, combine flour, sugar, yeast, and salt.
2. Gradually add warm water and mix until a dough forms.
3. Knead the dough for 10 minutes, then let it rest for 30 minutes.
4. Roll out the dough to 1/4 inch thickness. Cut into squares or shapes of your choice.
5. Place a tablespoon of red bean paste in the center of each square. Fold and press edges together to seal.
6. Proof the buns at room temperature for 1 hour, or until doubled in size.
7. Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C). Bake for 15-20 minutes, or until golden brown.
Custard Topping:
– 2 large egg yolks
– 1/4 cup sugar
– 1/2 cup heavy cream
Whisk together egg yolks and sugar. Temper with heavy cream, then pour over warm buns.
Coffee Infused Custard Buns
These sweet buns are infused with the rich flavor of coffee, perfect for breakfast or as a snack. The combination of crispy outside and creamy custard filling is sure to satisfy your cravings.
Ingredients:
– 1 cup warm milk
– 2 teaspoons active dry yeast
– 3 cups all-purpose flour
– 1/4 cup granulated sugar
– 1/2 teaspoon salt
– 1/2 cup unsalted butter, melted
– 1 egg, beaten
– 1/2 cup strong brewed coffee
– Custard filling (see below)
– Confectioners’ sugar, for dusting
Custard Filling:
– 1 cup heavy cream
– 1/2 cup granulated sugar
– 3 large egg yolks
– 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
– 1 tablespoon unsalted butter, melted
Instructions:
1. Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C). Line a baking sheet with parchment paper.
2. In a large mixing bowl, combine warm milk and yeast. Let sit for 5 minutes.
3. Add flour, sugar, and salt. Mix until a shaggy dough forms.
4. Knead the dough for 10 minutes. Place in a greased bowl, cover, and let rise for 1 hour.
5. Punch down the dough. Roll out to 1/4-inch thickness.
6. Cut into desired shapes. Place on prepared baking sheet.
7. Bake for 18-20 minutes or until golden brown.
Assembly:
1. Allow buns to cool completely.
2. Spread custard filling on each bun.
3. Dust with confectioners’ sugar, if desired.
Cooking Time: 18-20 minutes
Orange Zest Custard Buns
Brighten up your breakfast or brunch with these delightful buns infused with the warmth of orange zest and creamy custard.
Ingredients:
– 1 cup warm milk (105°F to 115°F)
– 2 teaspoons active dry yeast
– 3 tablespoons sugar
– 4 cups all-purpose flour
– 1/2 teaspoon salt
– 1/2 cup unsalted butter, melted
– 1/4 cup orange zest
– 1 large egg
– 1/2 cup heavy cream
– Confectioners’ sugar, for dusting
Instructions:
1. In a small bowl, combine warm milk and yeast. Let it sit for 5-7 minutes until frothy.
2. In a large mixing bowl, whisk together flour, sugar, and salt.
3. Add melted butter, orange zest, egg, and heavy cream to the dry ingredients. Mix until a shaggy dough forms.
4. Knead the dough on a floured surface for 5-7 minutes until smooth.
5. Place the dough in a greased bowl, cover with plastic wrap, and let it rise in a warm place for about 1 hour or until doubled in size.
6. Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C). Bake for 15-20 minutes or until golden brown.
Tips: Brush the tops of the buns with melted butter before baking for an extra-golden finish. Dust with confectioners’ sugar after cooling for a sweet touch.
Lemon Glazed Custard Buns
These fluffy buns are filled with a creamy custard filling, topped with a zesty lemon glaze, and perfect for breakfast or brunch. With their moist texture and burst of citrus flavor, they’re sure to become a new favorite.
Ingredients:
– 1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour
– 1/4 cup granulated sugar
– 2 teaspoons active dry yeast
– 1/2 cup warm milk
– 2 large eggs
– 2 tablespoons unsalted butter, melted
– Custard filling (see below)
– Lemon glaze (see below)
Instructions:
1. Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C). Line a baking sheet with parchment paper.
2. In a medium bowl, whisk together flour, sugar, and yeast.
3. In a large bowl, whisk together milk, eggs, and melted butter.
4. Add dry ingredients to wet ingredients and mix until smooth.
5. Roll out dough to 1/4 inch thickness. Cut into desired shapes.
6. Place on prepared baking sheet, leaving space between each bun.
7. Bake for 15-20 minutes or until golden brown.
Custard Filling:
– 2 cups heavy cream
– 1/2 cup granulated sugar
– 3 large egg yolks
Lemon Glaze:
– 1 cup powdered sugar
– 2 tablespoons freshly squeezed lemon juice
Strawberry Jam Custard Buns
These tender buns filled with a sweet strawberry jam filling and topped with a creamy custard are sure to delight anyone with a sweet tooth.
Ingredients:
– 1 package active dry yeast
– 2 cups all-purpose flour
– 1/4 cup granulated sugar
– 1/2 cup warm milk
– 2 tablespoons unsalted butter, melted
– 1 egg, beaten
– 1/4 cup strawberry jam
– 1/2 cup heavy cream
– 1 tablespoon unsalted butter, softened
Instructions:
1. Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C). Line a baking sheet with parchment paper.
2. In a large mixing bowl, combine yeast, flour, sugar, and warm milk. Mix until smooth.
3. Add melted butter, beaten egg, and strawberry jam. Mix until well combined.
4. Roll out dough on a floured surface to about 1/4 inch thickness.
5. Spoon custard mixture (see below) onto one half of the dough, leaving a 1/2 inch border.
6. Fold other half over filling and press edges to seal. Brush with egg wash.
7. Bake for 20-25 minutes or until golden brown.
Custard Mixture:
– In a small bowl, whisk together heavy cream, unsalted butter, and sugar until smooth.
Blueberry Cream Custard Buns
Treat yourself to a delightful breakfast or snack with these scrumptious buns filled with a creamy blueberry custard.
Ingredients:
– 1 package active dry yeast (2 1/4 teaspoons)
– 3 cups all-purpose flour
– 1 teaspoon salt
– 1 cup warm milk
– 2 tablespoons sugar
– 1/4 cup unsalted butter, melted
– 1 egg, beaten
– Blueberry cream custard filling (recipe below)
– Confectioners’ sugar for dusting
Blueberry Cream Custard Filling:
– 1 cup heavy cream
– 1 tablespoon unsalted butter, softened
– 2 tablespoons granulated sugar
– 2 teaspoons vanilla extract
– 1/2 cup fresh or frozen blueberries
Instructions:
1. In a large mixing bowl, combine yeast, flour, and salt.
2. Add warm milk, sugar, melted butter, and beaten egg; mix until smooth.
3. Roll out dough to about 1/4 inch thickness.
4. Cut into desired shapes (e.g., buns or rectangles).
5. Place on baking sheet lined with parchment paper, leaving space for expansion.
6. Bake at 375°F (190°C) for 15-20 minutes or until golden brown.
7. Allow to cool before filling with blueberry cream custard.
Cooking Time: 15-20 minutes
Banana Caramel Custard Buns
Moist banana-filled buns infused with caramel sweetness and topped with a creamy custard, perfect for breakfast or brunch.
Ingredients:
– 2 ripe bananas, mashed
– 1 package active dry yeast (2 1/4 teaspoons)
– 3 cups all-purpose flour
– 1/4 cup granulated sugar
– 1/4 cup unsalted butter, melted
– 1 large egg
– 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
– 1 cup whole milk
– 1/4 cup caramel sauce (homemade or store-bought)
– Confectioners’ sugar, for dusting
Instructions:
1. Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C). Line a baking sheet with parchment paper.
2. In a large bowl, combine yeast, flour, and sugar. Add melted butter, egg, and vanilla extract; mix until smooth.
3. Fold in mashed bananas and milk. Cover and let rise for about 1 hour, or until doubled.
4. Punch down dough and divide into 8-10 pieces. Roll each piece into a ball and flatten slightly.
5. Place on prepared baking sheet, leaving space between each bun.
6. Bake for 15-18 minutes, or until golden brown.
7. Drizzle with caramel sauce and top with whipped custard (recipe not included).
Cooking Time: 15-18 minutes
Pumpkin Spice Custard Buns
These soft and fluffy buns filled with a creamy pumpkin spice custard are the perfect treat for the fall season. With just the right amount of sweetness and spices, they’re sure to become a new favorite.
Ingredients:
– 1 cup warm water
– 2 teaspoons active dry yeast
– 3 tablespoons sugar
– 4 cups all-purpose flour
– 1/2 teaspoon salt
– 1/4 cup unsalted butter, melted
– 1/2 cup pumpkin puree
– 1/2 cup heavy cream
– 1 egg, beaten
– 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
– Pumpkin pie spice (to taste)
Instructions:
1. Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C). Line a baking sheet with parchment paper.
2. In a large bowl, combine warm water, yeast, and sugar. Let sit for 5 minutes.
3. Add flour, salt, and melted butter to the bowl. Mix until a shaggy dough forms.
4. Knead the dough for 10 minutes, then let it rise in a warm place for 1 hour.
5. In a separate bowl, whisk together pumpkin puree, heavy cream, beaten egg, and vanilla extract.
6. Punch down the dough and divide into 8 equal pieces. Roll each piece into a ball and flatten slightly.
7. Spoon a small amount of custard onto the center of each bun, then fold the dough over to form a bun shape. Place on prepared baking sheet.
8. Bake for 20-25 minutes or until golden brown.
Cooking Time: 20-25 minutes
Almond Crunch Custard Buns
These sweet treats combine the richness of custard with the crunch of toasted almonds, all wrapped up in a soft and fluffy bun.
Ingredients:
– 1 cup warm milk
– 2 teaspoons active dry yeast
– 3 tablespoons sugar
– 4 cups all-purpose flour
– 1/4 teaspoon salt
– 1/4 cup unsalted butter, melted
– 1 large egg
– 1/2 cup custard filling (see below)
– 1/2 cup sliced almonds
Custard Filling:
– 1/2 cup heavy cream
– 2 tablespoons granulated sugar
– 1/4 teaspoon vanilla extract
Instructions:
1. In a large mixing bowl, combine warm milk and yeast. Let it sit for 5 minutes.
2. Add sugar, flour, and salt to the bowl. Mix until a shaggy dough forms.
3. Add melted butter and egg to the dough. Mix until smooth.
4. Roll out the dough to about 1/4 inch thickness. Cut into desired shapes.
5. Place a spoonful of custard filling in the center of each piece. Fold the dough over the filling, pressing edges to seal.
6. Brush tops with beaten egg and sprinkle with sliced almonds.
7. Bake at 375°F (190°C) for 15-20 minutes or until golden brown.
Cooking Time: 15-20 minutes
Tiramisu Custard Buns
Elevate your breakfast or brunch game with these Tiramisu-inspired custard buns, infused with the flavors of espresso and mascarpone.
Ingredients:
– 1 cup warm milk
– 2 teaspoons active dry yeast
– 3 tablespoons sugar
– 4 cups all-purpose flour
– 1/4 teaspoon salt
– 1/2 cup unsalted butter, melted
– 2 large eggs
– 1/2 cup mascarpone cheese
– 2 tablespoons instant espresso powder
– Confectioners’ sugar (optional)
Instructions:
1. In a small bowl, combine warm milk and yeast. Let it sit for 5-7 minutes until foamy.
2. In a large mixing bowl, whisk together flour, sugar, and salt.
3. Add melted butter, eggs, mascarpone cheese, and espresso powder to the dry ingredients. Mix until smooth.
4. Pour in the yeast mixture and mix until a sticky dough forms.
5. Knead for 10 minutes, then shape into buns and let them rise for about an hour.
6. Bake at 375°F (190°C) for 18-20 minutes or until golden brown.
Cooking Time: Approximately 2 hours
Raspberry Swirl Custard Buns
These flaky, buttery buns filled with a sweet and tangy raspberry swirl are perfect for breakfast or brunch. The combination of textures and flavors is sure to delight!
Ingredients:
– 1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour
– 1/4 cup granulated sugar
– 1/2 teaspoon salt
– 1/2 cup unsalted butter, softened
– 1/2 cup whole milk
– 1 large egg
– 1 tablespoon vanilla extract
– 1 cup fresh raspberries
– Confectioners’ sugar for dusting (optional)
Instructions:
1. Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C). Line a baking sheet with parchment paper.
2. In a medium bowl, whisk together flour, sugar, and salt.
3. In a large bowl, combine softened butter, milk, egg, and vanilla extract. Whisk until smooth.
4. Gradually add dry ingredients to wet ingredients; mix until a shaggy dough forms.
5. Roll out dough to 1/4 inch thickness. Spoon raspberry jam on one half of the dough, leaving a 1/2 inch border.
6. Fold the other half over the filling and press edges to seal. Cut into 12 equal pieces.
7. Place buns on prepared baking sheet, leaving 1 inch space between each bun.
8. Bake for 20-25 minutes or until golden brown.
Cooking Time: 20-25 minutes
Chai Spice Custard Buns
These sweet buns are infused with the aromatic flavors of chai spices and topped with a creamy custard, perfect for a cozy morning or afternoon treat.
Ingredients:
– 1 cup warm milk (105°F to 115°F)
– 2 teaspoons active dry yeast
– 3 tablespoons sugar
– 4 cups all-purpose flour
– 1/4 teaspoon salt
– 1/4 teaspoon ground cinnamon
– 1/8 teaspoon ground cardamom
– 1/8 teaspoon ground ginger
– 1/4 cup unsalted butter, melted
– Custard filling (see below)
– Confectioners’ sugar, for dusting
Instructions:
1. In a large mixing bowl, combine warm milk and yeast; let sit for 5 minutes.
2. Add sugar, flour, salt, cinnamon, cardamom, and ginger to the bowl; mix until a shaggy dough forms.
3. Knead the dough on a floured surface for 10 minutes.
4. Place the dough in a greased bowl, cover with plastic wrap, and let rise in a warm place for about 1 hour, or until doubled in size.
5. Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C).
6. Punch down the dough; divide into 8 equal pieces. Shape each piece into a ball and then flatten slightly into disk shapes.
7. Place on a baking sheet lined with parchment paper, leaving about 1 inch of space between each bun.
8. Bake for 15-20 minutes or until golden brown.
Custard Filling:
– 1/2 cup heavy cream
– 2 tablespoons unsalted butter, melted
– 2 tablespoons granulated sugar
– 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
Combine all ingredients in a small bowl and mix until smooth. Spoon about 1 tablespoon of custard onto the center of each bun before baking.
Cooking Time: About 20 minutes
Peach Melba Custard Buns
Peach Melba Custard Buns: A Sweet Twist on Classic Baking
These soft and fluffy buns are filled with a sweet and tangy peach melba filling, topped with a creamy custard, and finished with a caramelized sugar crust. Perfect for a special treat or brunch gathering.
Ingredients:
– 1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour
– 2 teaspoons active dry yeast
– 1/4 cup granulated sugar
– 1/2 cup milk
– 1 large egg
– 1/4 teaspoon salt
– Peach melba filling (see below)
– Custard:
+ 1 cup heavy cream
+ 2 tablespoons unsalted butter, melted
+ 2 cups confectioners’ sugar
Instructions:
1. Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C). Line a baking sheet with parchment paper.
2. In a large bowl, combine flour, yeast, and sugar.
3. Add milk, egg, and salt; mix until smooth.
4. Divide dough into 6 equal pieces; shape each into a ball.
5. Flatten each ball into a disk, then place a spoonful of peach melba filling in center. Fold edges over to form a bun.
6. Place buns on prepared baking sheet, leaving about 1 inch space between each.
7. Bake for 18-20 minutes or until golden brown.
8. While still warm, drizzle with custard and sprinkle with caramelized sugar.
Peach Melba Filling:
– 1 ripe peach, diced
– 2 tablespoons raspberry jam
– 2 tablespoons heavy cream
Combine all ingredients in a bowl; mix well.
Summary
Indulge in the soft, fluffy goodness of custard buns with these 18 delicious recipes! From classic vanilla to matcha green tea and chocolate swirl, there’s a flavor for every palate. Try pandan coconut, salted caramel, red bean, coffee infused, orange zest, lemon glazed, strawberry jam, blueberry cream, banana caramel, pumpkin spice, almond crunch, tiramisu, raspberry swirl, chai spice, and peach melba. Each recipe features a unique custard filling, topped with a fluffy bun that’s sure to satisfy your sweet tooth. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced baker, these recipes are easy to follow and will impress your friends and family.
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